Overthrown by alliance of Mexican rebels, including
Pancho Villa,
Emiliano Zapata and
Álvaro Obregón, in 1914. He fled to Spain, and the next year traveled to the US, where he attempted to raise an army and return to Mexico to take power again. He was arrested by American authorities for his activities and jailed in Fort Bliss, TX, where he died in 1915 of cirrhosis of the liver.