Captain Janeway tells Gedrin that Voyager took shelter on the Vaadwaur planet while fleeing from the Turei. But during their entire encounter, the Turei never introduced themselves. Janeway should never have known the name of their species.
The minimum 280 kilometers that Voyager needs to engage their warp drive could have been covered within several minutes. The delay in gaining altitude that takes roughly ten to twelve minutes is never explained (except for losing power and altitude while under heavy fire) and the ship is shown flying horizontally when it needs to rise vertically to escape the planet.
As Voyager tries to leave the planet, its thrusters are down and its impulse drive is offline, yet it still flies through the atmosphere for quite a few minutes. Voyager is not aerodynamic like a plane with wings. If it does not have power to these systems, it should drop quickly and uncontrolled.
When Captain Janeway ordered Ensign Paris to set down for repairs, she didn't have any conditions met for landing the ship (venting plasma from the nacelles, inertial dampers at maximum, blue alert, shutting down the warp core (although that was already offline due to the attack), routing all available power to atmospheric thrusters, having landing struts online, and having the inertial dampers to match the planets gravity.)
The U.S.S. Voyager fires phasers from its aft torpedo tubes.
The Prime Directive, with which Voyager's actions during this whole affair would seem to be at odds, is conveniently ignored and never even mentioned at any point in the episode.
When Janeway, Seven and Tuvok go to the planet, Seven instantly knows how to access the Vaadwaur computers. This is a recurring theme in other episodes and other Trek programs, e.g., when Commander Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987) accesses alien computers and weapons.
Captain Janeway sends Tuvok on an away mission on the planet to assist with their escape. Once Voyager has cleared the atmosphere, Janeway calls for warp drive to escape the planet without first checking to see if Tuvok has transported back aboard the ship.
Seven of Nine scans the radioactive planet and reports that it is uninhabited. Seconds later, a ruined city appears on screen and Chakotay says: "I thought you said it was uninhabited?" to Ensign Kim. Kim explains that the radiation confused his sensors, but it was Seven of Nine who stated that the planet was uninhabited, not Ensign Kim.